The impacts caused on the gut microbiota by the intake of breast milk or formula on infant immunity.

Abstract

The study aimed to investigate how breast milk influences the infant's intestinal microbiota and highlight its role in the development of the human immune system. The PICO approach was used to formulate the question and the research covered the last 10 years of the MEDLINE/Pubmed and VHL databases. Of the 76 articles identified after screening, 8 met the inclusion criteria, being free, original and written in English or Portuguese. The study showed that oligosaccharides in breast milk influence the growth of beneficial intestinal bacterial colonies, such as Staphylococcus and Bifidobacterium spp. The initial colonization of the intestine of breastfed infants is characterized by the predominant presence of Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Clostridium, Bacteroides and Lactobacillus. The results highlighted that breastfeeding strengthens the immune system, reducing morbidity and mortality from infections, in addition to reducing systemic inflammation. Thus, breastfeeding has a positive impact on long-term health, strengthening the immune system and reducing incidences of infections, chronic and metabolic diseases. Although interventions such as BMOS and probiotics also demonstrate benefits, breast milk is preferable for establishing lasting patterns in infant health. The method of birth and the use of formula have also been identified as influencing immune development.